2.5 by volume. Does your fur baby have dry paw pads or nose? Taking your baby out for a run in the sun? Have hard wood floors that your dog is slipping and sliding on? Think of it like this. After you have a pedicure, your feet are soft and supple, you can grip the hardwood or tile floors better. Why? Because the technician has removed the dry, dead skin from the bottom of your feet. Well, your furry friend is probably NOT going to let you get within 10 feet of their paws with one of those scrapers. No worries, try my B'Udder. It softens paw pads, noses, and any other "ruff" patches your pooch may have. (Its also good for your dry, chapped hands) Human food grade ingredients are LICK SAFE. Can be used multiple times daily. Once your dog's paws are soft, protect them with my Paw Defense Wax.